… shallow and deep learning approaches … to classify the potential emission sources of trace metals in the Elbe River, Germany

… an overview of the topics/issues of concern in the countries while responding to hydrometeorological extreme events (e.g., floods and cyclones) during the pandemic

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Hydrometeorological disasters during COVID-19: Insights from topic modeling of global aid reports

… temporal variability and stability of SWC [soil water content] in a forested critical-zone experimental catchment

Liu Haowen et al 2022 | Journal of contaminant hydrology
Estimation of variability in soil water content in a forested critical-zone experimental catchment in Eastern China.

[a study of] 77 ECPW [ecological compensation policies for the watershed] promulgated in China from 2006 to 2020

Li Shuqin et al 2022 | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Quantitative evaluation of ecological compensation policies for the watershed in China: based on the improved Policy Modeling Consistency Index

[prediction of] the influence of the PLHP [Poyang Lake Hydraulic Project] on the habitat suitability of Vallisneria natans …

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TELEMAC modelling of the influence of the Poyang Lake Hydraulic Project on the habitat of Vallisneria natans

… regions with high agglomeration of green industries should consider investing more technological resources in emerging technologies that use clean energy as a production condition

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Threshold effect of industrial agglomeration on carbon productivity in China’s Yangtze River economic belt: a perspective of technical resourcing

… relationship between the flow feature and scour development around an HRSF [offshore high-rise structure foundation] …

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Experimental investigation of turbulent flows around high-rise structure foundations and implications on scour

… the molecular responses of algal growth and toxin formation under different P sources …

Zhang Qi et al 2022 | WATER RESEARCH
Molecular responses to inorganic and organic phosphorus sources in the growth and toxin formation of Microcystis aeruginosa

… diversity and abundance of [benthic macroinvertebrates in the Jinshajiang River] decreased to almost zero as a result of dam impoundment …

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Dam cascade alters taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate community in upper Yangtze River

… a distinct advantage over the conventional approach in classifying the overall hydrological alteration …

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Cloud model combined with multiple weighting methods to evaluate hydrological alteration and its contributing factors

… influences of urbanisation on regional water footprints [in China] from the perspectives of both production and consumption …

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Effects of urbanisation on regional water consumption in China

… laboratory experiments … to investigate the conveyance characteristics of a typical street grate inlet …

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A unified formula for discharge capacity of street inlets for urban flood management

… a novel drought prediction model … optimizing the extreme learning machine using the estimation of distribution algorithm … in drought prediction for Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

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Drought prediction in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China by coupling the estimation of distribution algorithm and the extreme learning machine

… a framework to identify the uncertainty and credibility of GCMs, consisting of downscaling, uncertainty analysis, ensemble analysis, credibility analysis, and probability projection

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A Framework to Identify the Uncertainty and Credibility of GCMs for Projected Future Precipitation: A Case Study in the Yellow River Basin, China

… the two interpolation methods (IDW and OK) obtain the best overall performance, followed by IMERG-F, whereas IMERG-E and IMERG-L have inferior performance …

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… impact of climate change on the short-term performance of LID practices was stronger than that on the long-term performance

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Low impact development practices mitigate urban flooding and non-point pollution under climate change

[normalized difference vegetation index in growing season on the Tibetan Plateau] as a whole exhibits a significant rising trend

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… base case leaching periods and freshwater application rates were reduced by up to-60% and-80%, respectively

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Hydrological Change Detection and Process Simulation for a Semi-Arid Catchment in Northern China

… area of crops, precipitation, effective irrigation area, domestic patent application authorization, and regional GDP are the top 5 dominant factors influencing agricultural drought disasters

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… a low cost, high durability [coral aggregate seawater concrete] island-reef engineering …

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… habitat suitability for Grus leucogeranus [in Poyang Lake], with a scheduled sluice under two different regulating rules …

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An integrated hydrodynamic and multicriteria evaluation Cellular Automata-Markov model to assess the effects of a water resource project on waterbird habitat in wetlands

… bacterial communities and potential functions of nine cascade hydropower reservoirs in 1290 km of the upper Mekong River (Lancang River in China)

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sediment from NS [non-navigable channels] possessed more diverse and complex bacterial communities than WS [waterways] …

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經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)模與結(jié)構(gòu)指數(shù)在非農(nóng)用水量占比與地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)水平間具有中介效應(yīng)…

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海砂氯離子溶出模型可以較好地描述海砂氯離子的溶出過程,，能夠反應(yīng)淡化時(shí)間和水砂質(zhì)量比對(duì)海砂淡化效果的影響

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… 太湖流域2020年洪水與2016年、1999年和1991年3場(chǎng)歷史洪水的對(duì)比分析

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以振動(dòng)成型或半干法成型工藝制備疏浚砂水泥基材料強(qiáng)度可靠 … 成本可降低33.0%～40.5%,，環(huán)境友好

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CuS的負(fù)載擴(kuò)大了Bi_2WO_6光響應(yīng)范圍，增加了比表面積,，促進(jìn)了光生電子空穴對(duì)的分離,，進(jìn)而有效增強(qiáng)了光催化性能

沈汀等 2022 | 環(huán)境科技
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通過控制進(jìn)出水閥門開關(guān)實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)處理池和主體池上層的雙重輪休以及水流方向的周期性改變，以提高防堵塞效果

華祖林等 2022 | 水資源保護(hù)
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Sponge measures under current climate

Under the current climate, Yang et al (2021) analyzed the efficiency of sponge measures against different rainfall intensity, duration and dry weather time. Their result suggests that the sponge measures in the study area reduced 45-80% of storm water runoff, 39-60% of peak flow, and 30-82% of diffusive pollutants. With growing dry weather time before the rainfalls, the efficiency of sponge measures increases by 43.98-77.25%. However, with increased rainfall, such efficiency drops by 29.55-73.43%. Because of different land use patterns, the efficiency of sponge measures varies over space, and the difference becomes increasingly significant with more rainfall and shorter dry weather time before the rainfall.

Sponge measures under changing climate

Based on precipitation forecasts with global circulation models, Yang et al (2022) analyzed the efficiency of sponge measures under future climate scenarios, and attempted to quantify the impact from climate change. Under future scenarios of different carbon emission intensities (RCP 2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), precipitation is on a increasing trend as carbon emission grows. Their analysis shows that, sponge measures become less efficient in general under future climate. Their contribution to diffusive pollution control is more significant in a single precipitation event; in contrast, their efficiency in controlling runoff becomes more evident in the long run, and such efficiency stays relatively stable on a yearly basis even under climate change. Variations over space in their efficiency are still in existence, and are found correlated to carbon emission intensity and time.

*****

These studies show that the efficiency of sponge measures varies over time and space, and is influenced by duration of the hydrological cycle, dry-wet weather pattern, and future climate change. Therefore, storm water management policies, including those in the Sponge City program, need to be adaptive and take into consideration variations of efficiency under different weather and climate.

Full papers

• Yang, W., Zhang, J., Krebs, P., 2022. Low impact development practices mitigate urban flooding and non-point pollution under climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production 347, 131320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131320
• Yang, W., Zhang, J., Mei, S., Krebs, P., 2021. Impact of antecedent dry-weather period and rainfall magnitude on the performance of low impact development practices in urban flooding and non-point pollution mitigation. Journal of Cleaner Production 320, 128946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128946

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以河南省及18個(gè)市區(qū)為研究單元,，自然條件,、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、供用耗水等3個(gè)子系統(tǒng)水資源脆弱性指數(shù)大小排序?yàn)椋鹤匀粭l件>供用耗水>社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)…

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Tidal flats are coastal wetlands formed in the intertidal zone, and they are the connection between land and ocean. Since they are under intermittent tidal influences, they could be one of the major pathways of oceanic pollutants. Meanwhile, land reclamation projects are taking place at greater numbers and frequencies around the world because of increased demand of land and population growth. Geotextiles are polymer fabrics extensively used in land reclamation projects. Geotextiles weather under UV light and salinity, and therefore releases large amounts of microplastic particles.

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Full Paper

• Bai, X., Li, C., Ma, L., Xin, P., Li, F. and Xu, Z. (2022) “Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai, China,”?Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(8), p. 107. doi:?10.1007/s11783-022-1528-5.

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Soil leaching through subsurface drainage systems has been widely adopted to ameliorate saline soil?(Figure 2a). This method flushes excessive?salt?from upper?soil?to?lower?layers?with?fresh or brackish water, and remove?saline waterthrough?underground drains to lower?soil salinity. However,?spatial disparities exisit in?efficiency?of the leaching. Areas vertically above the drains often?evidently?outperforms the?parts between?adjacent?drains (see Figure 2a).?For?further desalinization, the?leaching?process?has?to continue?for a?long?time?after?the soil closer to the drains has been desalinized,?which is going to use an?unnecessarily large amount of?water.

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Existing field studies estimate that, with the traditional leaching method, 5,400 to 9,000 cubic meters of water is required for the amelioration of every hectare of salt-affected land. Bases on this, water consumption with the proposed method could be significantly cut down to 1,080 to 1,800 cubic meters per hectare. Apart from that, the application of LPSM could take advantage of readily available geomembrane and exisiting machinery, and therefore is believed to be worthwhile for further studies in actual production.

Full Paper

• Zhang, J., Werner, A.D. and Lu, C. (2022) “Improving salt leaching efficiency of subsurface drainage systems using low-permeability surface mulch,” Advances in water resources, 162, p. 104147. Doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104147.

[suspended particulate matter] plays a vital role in the transport and fate of EDCs [endocrine-disrupting compounds] in complex river-lake systems

… indirect discharge of industrial waste is greater than the direct discharge in the industrial waste metabolism system

Tian et al 2022 | Waste Management
Ecological network analysis of industrial wastes metabolism based on input-output model for Jiangsu, China.

Mantel test revealed a significant positive correlation between DOM [dissolved organic matter] and PFAAs [perfluoroalkyl acids]

Li et al 2022 | Water Research
Interactions between dissolved organic matter and perfluoroalkyl acids in natural rivers and lakes: A case study of the northwest of Taihu Lake Basin, China.

… [polystyrene nanoplastics] interact with [iron oxide nanoparticles] to form heteroaggregates and facilitate leaching of iron ions, which resulted in aggravating the toxic effect

Gong et al 2022 | Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts
Phytotoxicity of binary nanoparticles and humic acid on Lactuca sativa L.

… a data assimilation method based on deep learning to estimate the distribution of soil properties with limited measurements

Man et al 2022 | Journal of Hazardous Materials
Characterization of vapor intrusion sites with a deep learning-based data assimilation method.

… the concentrations of MPs in sewage sludge decreased significantly [in hydrothermal carbonization], exhibiting a 79% reduction

Xu et al 2022 | Chemosphere
Microplastic Degradation in Sewage Sludge by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Efficiency and Mechanisms.

[poly-fluoroalkyl substances] affected community coalescence more than biogenic substances (p<0.05)

Wu et al 2022 | Environmental Pollution
Per-, poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and planktonic microbiomes: Identification of biotic and abiotic regulations in community coalescence and food webs.

vehicles are vulnerable to larger water depths while human stability is significantly influenced by higher flow velocities …

Dong et al 2022 | The Science of The Total Environment
Integrated modeling of 2D urban surface and 1D sewer hydrodynamic processes and flood risk assessment of people and vehicles.

… removal of PFAAs was suggested to be related to the uptake of plant tissues and biosorption of microbiota

Li et al 2022 | The Science of The Total Environment
Ecotoxicological responses and removal of submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillate to multiple perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) pollutants in aquatic environments.

Both stable polyclonal HR and unstable monoclonal HR observed in different cyanobacterial strains can be promoted under environmental levels of antibiotic pressure

Wang et al 2022 | Water Research
High prevalence of unstable antibiotic heteroresistance in cyanobacteria causes resistance underestimation

… eddy-resolving numerical techniques are used to investigate flow hydrodynamics and mixing at the asymmetric confluence between the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake channel

Jiang et al 2022 | Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Flow hydrodynamics, density contrast effects and mixing at the confluence between the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake channel

A probability estimation method based on [Bayesian model averaging] weighting scheme … to obtain the probabilistic projection of precipitation

Sun et al 2022 | Journal of Water and Climate Change
Deterministic and probabilistic projections and their credibility in analyzing future precipitation variations in the Yellow River Basin, China

… propensity score matching-difference in difference method to evaluate the carbon emission policy’s reduction effect

Tian et al 2022 | Energies
Study on the Emission Reduction Effect and Spatial Difference of Carbon Emission Trading Policy in China

… groundwater [transit time distribution] will inevitably deviate from the pre-urban ones due to the alteration from diffuse recharge to infiltration-focused recharge …

Jing et al 2022 | Journal of Hydrology
An analytical approach for urban groundwater transit time distributions accounting for the effect of stormwater infiltration system

[ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation] is capable to accurately identify both regular and irregular non-point contaminant source information

Xu et al 2022 | Journal of Hydrology
Non-point contaminant source identification in an aquifer using the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation

Following commissioning of the TGD … the scouring intensity of sandy sections away from the dam continued to increase

Yang et al 2022 | Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
Impact of the Three Gorges Dam on riverbed scour and siltation of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

… a review summarizing turbulent flow, sediment transport, morphological-dynamics, mixing processes, and their effects on the ecology of the aquatic environment at river confluences

Yuan et al 2022 | Journal of Hydrodynamics
The dynamics of river confluences and their effects on the ecology of aquatic environment: A review

… investigating potential mechanisms behind the impacts of Tr and likelihood measure on 95% confidence interval estimated by GLUE (95 CI)

Li et al 2022 | Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
Understanding the impacts induced by cut-off thresholds and likelihood measures on confidence interval when applying GLUE approach

[a method with] advantages of high precision in estimated TCAs, low computation cost, high efficiency and robustness …

Li et al 2022 | Water Resources Research
An Improved D8-LTD for the Extraction of Total Contributing Area (TCA) by Adopting the Strategies of Path Independency and Local Dispersion

… P-band was less impacted by random and periodic roughness than L-band, evidenced by more comparable statistics across different roughness conditions

Shen et al 2022 | Remote Sensing of Environment
Impact of random and periodic surface roughness on P- and L-band radiometry

太湖流域各分區(qū)年降水的增長(zhǎng)……整體呈自東向西逐漸減弱的趨勢(shì)

許欽等 2022 | 水資源保護(hù)
近63a太湖流域降水統(tǒng)計(jì)特征分析及演變趨勢(shì)診斷

不同機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型在我國(guó)南方典型濕潤(rùn)山區(qū)……小流域的適用性

張妮娜等 2022 | 遙感技術(shù)與應(yīng)用
中國(guó)南方典型濕潤(rùn)山區(qū)植被類型的無人機(jī)多光譜遙感機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)分類研究

同化多源遙感土壤濕度能有效改善土壤濕度估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性,，進(jìn)而提升徑流模擬精度,。

何涯舟等 2022 | 水資源保護(hù)
基于多源遙感土壤濕度與模型同化的中小流域徑流模擬研究

……綜合考慮水利行業(yè)河道岸線行政管理范圍和“河岸線-河岸帶-緩沖帶”的下游段長(zhǎng)江岸線保護(hù)范圍界定與規(guī)劃方法

侯利軍等 2022 | 河海大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)
下游段長(zhǎng)江岸線保護(hù)范圍界定探索

……基于SMOS、SMAP和AMSR2衛(wèi)星遙感土壤濕度產(chǎn)品采用集合平均的方式進(jìn)行融合……從而實(shí)現(xiàn)精細(xì)尺度的土壤濕度獲取

何涯舟等 2022 | 河海大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)
基于多源衛(wèi)星遙感產(chǎn)品的土壤濕度融合與降尺度研究

梳理長(zhǎng)江干流化工園區(qū)布局特點(diǎn),，分析水資源管理與保護(hù)存在的主要問題……

王小軍等 2022 | 中國(guó)水利
長(zhǎng)江干流化工園區(qū)水資源管理與保護(hù)研究

[生物親和性聚氨酯]具有良好的生物親和性,，能夠有效提高生物膜反應(yīng)器的性能

趙方琳等 2022 | 環(huán)境科學(xué)研究
采用生物親和聚氨酯處理污水的原理與應(yīng)用

The Yangtze Economic Belt is one of China’s most dynamic regions and it accounts for almost of half of the country’s population and GDP.  Since the concept was proposed in 2016, in a foreseeable future, its urbanisation and industrialisation are both expected to keep growing at considerable paces. However, the region has also been paying a huge eco-environmental price for its prosperity and rapid growth, challenging its sustainability.

Under regional climate change, the Yangtze River Basin has witnessed in recent years?an increased frequency of extreme climatic events. The Basin is in general?less well endowed?with reserves of fossil energy. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation also has caused?severe water pollution, and the loss of arable land?challenges its food security. The fish stock is?running low?after decades of over-fishing. In response to these challenges and to restore a healthy?ecosystem, the Chinese government has put in place a ten year fishing ban in key waters of the Yangtze since?January 2021. In December 2020,?China’s first legislation for the protection of a river basin,?the?Yangtze River Protection Law, was passed by the National People’s Congress. In response to an aging population, China announced?its?‘third child’ policy?in June 2021. However, how the policy is going to change China’s demography,?and how demographic changes are going to impact its resource reserves?and environment, both remain worthy questions.

Jiang et al (2021)?analysed these questions through model simulation to discuss possible pathways for the sustainability of the region. Their model integrates changes in socio-economic, natural resource, water and eco-einvironment systems, and takes into consideration the interconnections and trade-offs between these systems. Their study shows that: (1) Though surface?water availability is expected to increase slightly under intermediate emission scenarios (RCP4.5), the significant temperature rise under high emission scenarios (RCP8.5) will hinder the sustainability of the region because of reduced surface water availability, intensified evapotranspiration, and increased water demand; (2) Population of the region will climax around 2030/2080/2100 respectively with each woman of childbearing age?giving birth to 1/2/3 children, and the economic output grows with population, but the per capita growth slows down evidently as birth control policy relaxes; the energy gap in the region is going to be further?widened under all three scenarios of birth rates?by the end of this century, with the 3-child scenario seeing it three times larger than that under the 1-child scenario; food?self-sufficiency in the region will drop below the?critical threshold of 0.95 to 0.7 or 0.39 under two or three child scenarios; water demand will see a significant surge with surface water availability?outrun by 2070 or 2055 under population scenarios of two or three children; and (3) from the long?run, if fishing on the Yangtze be restored after the ten-year fishing ban to its?former intensity, fish stock of the river is estimated to be depleted around 2056.

Full paper

• Jiang, H., Simonovic, S.P., Yu, Z., Wang, W., 2021. What are the main challenges facing the sustainable development of China’s Yangtze economic belt in the future? An integrated view.?Environ. Res. Commun. 3, 115005. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac35bd

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Many of us may think that getting water is easy — it only requires you to turn on a tap, which is even easy for a child. However, around 1.2 billion people around the world lacks access to safe drinking water, and 2 billion people lacks basic sanitation facilities. Global data shows that, the number of people who don’t have access to basic sanitation is even more than those who can’t have cell phones. This has created enormous inequalities over spaces and gender. In developing countries, women and children have to walk on average 5 kilometres a day to bring home 20 litres of water. Moreover, flooding is causing significant economic loss while also threatening public health via degraded water quality.

Under global changes including climate warming and population growth, Prof Falconer argues that, we need to address water security from a global perspective with integrated approaches. Only by taking into consideration the entire process from ‘cloud to coast’, and ‘virtual water’ flows under global trading, could we fully understand the catchment scale water cycle. This makes it insufficient to focus on technology only, and requires interdesciplinary collaboration that addresses the interests of different stakeholders, account fully for political considerations, and incorporate more social science into the engineering, research and policy making about water.

To support global water security and deliver the Sustainable Development Goals, water engineers and?scientists have a major role to play. This would include?delivering solutions to water security at?global level, promoting public education and awareness of the water-food-energy nexus and virtual water flows, pricing water appropriately in product manufacturing, developing low-cost wastewater treatment technologies for agriculture and industries, applying nature-based solutions widely in combating climate change and restoring global ecosystems, improving water use efficiency in agriculture, synergising cross-desciplinary teamwork, and promoting investment in the global research and development around water security.

Full paper

• Falconer, R.A. 2021. Water security: Why we need global solutions. Engineering. doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.009.

Related scientist

In local folklore, the shimmering and crystal clear Lake Taihu came into being after a silver basin was dropped from the heavenly palace. However, since China’s start of the reform and opening up, the view was not longer that enticing as intensive farming and rapid urbanization in its basin quickly deteriorates its water quality.

Although efforts to clean up the lake has never stopped in the recent past, eutrophication keeps haunting the Lake. As surface runoffs usually carry in large amounts of excessive nutrients, they would make lakes eutrophic, which would be a favorable condition for algae and other plankton. The rapid and massive reproduction of plankton and degradation of the algae after their death, also known as algae blooms, could deplete oxygen in the water, making it hypoxic, which in turn causes the death of other organisms and the deterioration of water quality. Phosphorus is the most important element in this process, so controlling its concentration in lakes is the key to solving eutrophication issues. The phosphorus concentration of Taihu Lake is dependent on the phosphorus entering and leaving the Lake, the phosphorus exchange between lake water and sediments, and the absorption and decomposition of phosphorus by aquatic organisms. At present stage, controlling and reducing external-sourced phosphorus is one of the keys.

Li et al (2021) estimated the total phosphorus loading in rivers entering and leaving the Lake between 2012 and 2018, and calculated its annual average concentration by weighing flow volumes. By looking at changes in flow volumes and pollutants in different parts of the Lake, the study wants to explore the relationship between total phosphorus loading, volumes of inflows, and phosphorus concentrations. The results of the study find that: (1) In recent years, total phosphorus concentration and loading in rivers draining into the Lake are significantly higher than those discharging from it, indicating poor water quality of inflows. (2) By concentration of phosphorus, water quality in the southwest and northwest parts of the Lake is significantly worse than that in the east and southeast. Total phosphorus concentration in the west part of the lake accounts the largest proportion, which could be as high as 67%. (3) The concentration of phosphorus entering the lake from its west, which has the largest total phosphorus loading, was not effectively controlled in the past 7 years. 

Full paper

• Li Qiongfang, Xu Shuhong, Chen Qihui, Jia Xiaowang, Yan Fangjia, Zhu Yuting, Lin Peng, Gao Yun. Analysis of changes in total phosphorus concentration and load of rivers entering and exiting the lake in various water resources subregions around Taihu Lake[J/OL]. Lake Science :1-17[2021-10-29]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1331.P.20210901.1141.002.html (in Chinese).

In Chinese mythology, the dragons are the holy creatures that govern all water. Therefore, in modern times, the water management of water in China is often likened to ‘nine dragons governing water’. The number 9 in Chinese culture is an extreme number meaning a large quantity. This metaphorically reveals the complexity of water management in China on one hand, and illustrates the extensive involvement of different agencies across different sectors of society. Such intertwined complexity gave birth to the ‘River Chief’ system of China 2016.

River chiefs are usually the heads of the local governments at corresponding jurisdictions to the rivers. Heads of provincial, municipal, county and township governments assume the role of river chiefs for rivers within their administrative boundaries. By mid 2018, there have been more than 300,000 river chiefs around the country. This new system in water management is valuable because it makes clear the obligatory parties, i.e., the river chiefs, for bringing rivers within their jurisdictions under good management, and allows them to build under their authority a holistic and integrated governance approach. However, the new system is not free from problems. For example, as river chiefs are also heads of the local governments, the system overwhelmingly relies on their personal authority. As the system is a new one, much of its benchmarking system is still far from maturity, and some tends to be less adaptive to realities. The system is also susceptible to radical policies for the lack of policy consistency in some cases.

For improvement of the system, there are needs to move more focus from its nominal aspects to factual ones. This means first to improve the synergy and consistency of policies, which is to integrate different priorities and adopt long-term solutions. Improving the benchmarking system is a second need, which should be integrated into the existing benchmarking systems to avoid repetition, as river chiefs are also existing officials who are taking a variety of other mandates simultaneously.  A third addition would be to clarify the responsibilities and authority of river chiefs via legislation. Last but not least, high data transparency and public participation would allow the crowdsourcing of the many threads that are important to river management.

Full paper

• Jing X., Tian G. Practice and path exploration of river chief system boosting river basin ecological management [in Chinese]. China Water Resources, 2021(08):8-10+17.

Related Scientist

Under global changes including a warming climate and rapid urbanisation, understanding the past and projecting the future in climate and hydrology is of practical importance for ensuring water security and improving overall resilience. In terms of water resources, the mainland China is usually divided into ten water zones. These include seven large river basins, the Yangtze, the Yellow, Songhuajiang, Liaohe, Haihe, Huaihe and the Pearl, and another three regions in southeast, southwest and northwest China. Each of the ten water zones has distinct features in climate and geography, but all of them are facing uncertainties in water management in the future.

Guan et al (2021) analysed the temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration in these water zones for the last 60 years. They also projected future changes in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff with the climate elasticity method under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) on the basis of 9 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensemble simulations. 

Their results show that the northern water zones of China are under heavy influence of human activities and drastically lost more than 20% of their runoff during the 1980s and 1990s. The drop was particularly significant in the Haihe River basin, where around 60% of the runoff disappeared. Trends of changes in the southern zones were not evident, and were mainly due to natural variabilities and regional climate change.

Under three SSPs, temperature in all ten water zones are going to rise markedly in this century. Though precipitation is expected to be on an upward trend, evapotranspiration is also projected to increase due to higher temperatures. More precipitation in the northern zones will generate more runoff, which should to a certain extend ease water stress in these regions. However, because of intensive human activities, these regions would still face challenges in their water security. In the southern zones, changes in runoff because of more precipitation could potentially be offset by increased evapotranspiration. However, more rain usually leads to higher risks of localised flooding.

Full paper

• Guan, X., Zhang, J., Bao, Z., Liu, C., Jin, J. and Wang, G. (2021) ‘Past variations and future projection of runoff in typical basins in 10 water zones, China.’, The Science of the Total Environment, 798, p. 149277. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149277.

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In July 2012, a downpour in Beijing made pluvial flooding in cities a heated topic for the whole country. Statistics show that, between 2010 and 2016, 180 Chinese cities were flooded each year on average because of excessive rainfall. In December 2013, the Central Government Working Conference on Urbanisation held in Beijing proposed a solution to the ‘sea views^*‘ of cities — the Sponge City programme, which aims to give cities the capability of ‘naturally accumulate, filter and purify rainwater’. However, since the programme is still in a very early stage, and its theoretical conceptualisation, technical roadmaps and metrics system are still to be matured, some projects rely overwhelmingly on, or even indiscriminately imitate, experiences elsewhere, and therefore fail to adapt to local conditions. On the other hand, many Chinese cities have been developed with inadequate drainage system. These aspects, together with the complexity of Chinese cities, have contributed to the under-achievements of the Sponge City programme.

Given the shortcomings, Wang et al (2021) analysed metric systems of similar programmes in developed countries, and compared those with current schemes of Sponge City programmes in China. Major differences were found in metrics for controlling, project design, and implementation. The authors recommended that (1) the metrics system should take into consideration not only rain water infiltration and flood control, but also wellbeing and ecology; (2) programmes need to be designed to adapt to local conditions in view of geological and climatic diversity in China, and active dialogues need to maintained between stakeholders of urban management; and (3) attention needs to be paid to both ex-ante and ex-post analysis of the development, so as to ensure the deliverables from Sponge City programmes.

^*?Chinese media often mocks the flooded scene in cities as ‘sea views’.

Full paper

• Wang L., Z. Yun, Q Hu, L. Li, Y. Wang, W. Xiong. Comparison and enlightenment of urban stormwater management index system at home and abroad. Water Resources Protection: 1-9[2021-08-04].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1356.TV.20210112.1655.008.html. (in Chinese)

Related Scientist

Extreme precipitation events are increasing both in frequency and intensity around the globe, which makes the attribution of such changes a heated topic in hydro-climatology. Under global climate change, the attribution of changes in extreme precipitation is very complicated as it is under the combined influence of global warming, large scale atmospheric circulation and local factors.

Li et al (2021) approached the extreme precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin through the 12 extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). They analysed the frequency, intensity and duration of the Basin’s precipitation between 1960 and 2019. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was employed to reveal trends of change, and correlation analysis to attribute changes to global mean surface temperature change, El Ni?o – Southern Oscillation and local temperature. Their results show that precipitation in the Basin is increasing significantly in frequency and intensity. The rising global mean surface temperature and intensity of the La Ni?a events of ENSO are positively correlated to such increase, though the latter is also found to contribute reduction in the next year. Local warming in the Basin reduces extreme precipitation, which is likely a response to the significant decrease of relative humidity out of it.  

Full paper

• Li, X. et al. (2021) “Changes in precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960-2019 and the association with global warming, ENSO, and local effects,” The Science of the Total Environment, 760, p. 144244. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144244.

Related scientist

Under a typical monsoon climate, there are evident dry and wet seasons in China.?The dry season receives less rainfall and has a higher potential for droughts to take place. Dry season?changes?in river runoff directly affect water availability and river ecology.?Therefore, it is an important period that requires attention from managers of water resources and aquatic?ecology.?

Shu et al. (2021) analyzed the meteorological and runoff data of major rivers in China between 1961-2018. Their resultsshow that, the average dry season temperature is increasing significantly across the country, in particular northern China. Around 84% of the country is expecting more rain in the dry season, and 42.2% expecting significantly more. However,this does not mean the runoff of all rivers is increasing in the dry season. According to the records, the upper Songhua River yielded 67% more runoff between 2001 and 2018 than the time between 1961 and 1980, and the Yangtze River Basin, 16% more. To the contrary, the middle Yellow River reach saw a 34% decrease, and the Haihe River, more than 80%. The authors attribute the decrease respectively to the degraded ecosystem under warmer climate and significant anthropogenic disturbance.

Though runoff increase could potentially ease some problems of water and aquatic ecosystems, because of more water demand out of increased human activities and higher temperature, we will have to deal with more uncertainties for water security.

Full paper

• SHU Zhang-Kang, ZHANG Jian-Yun, JIN Jun-Liang, WANG Guo-Qing, WANG Lin, CAO Min-Xiong. Evolution characters and causes of the dry season runoff for the major rivers in China during 1961-2018[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(3): 340-351.

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Fish spawning usually depends on both critical and accumulated temperature. A species-specific threshold of temperature needs to be reached for fish to start spawning, which is called the critical temperature. Existing studies have largely focused on this, as it triggers the spawning of fish. However, accumulated temperature, which is the sum of temperature above or under a certain level over a period of time, is also important as it usually corresponds to the maturity of gonadal development of fish. 

Li et al (2020) studied the spawning of Brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon) in upstream Yangtze from 2009 to 2015. Their findings show that the impoundment of the cascade reservoirs has moved forward evidently the time when accumulated temperature is reached so that it takes place prior to reaching critical temperature. As reproduction is a rather energy intensive process, earlier gonad development leads to a lower rate of fecundity. Additionally, as water temperature becomes higher in the winter season, more energy is required by fish to maintain metabolism, which means less is left for breeding.

The findings have wealthy implications for the management of hydropower projects as it is often seen as an important way for decarbonisation. To realise the goals of sustainable development, the trade-off between energy and biodiversity is one of the many threads on which we need to make a perfect balance.

Full paper

• Li, T. et al. (2021) “Mismatch between critical and accumulated temperature following river damming impacts fish spawning.,” The Science of the Total Environment, 756, p. 144052. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144052.

Related scientist

Liao et al. (2020) analyzed the changes in land use in the Yellow River Basin from 1980 to 2015. Their results show that,since the beginning of the 21st century, most land use changes in the Yellow River basin took place in the middle and east regions of the basin. Urbanised land took an evident increase by 44.32%. Grassland, arid land and forests are the main types of land use in the Yellow River basin, of which the former two decreased by 1.6% and 1.23% respectively, while forests increased by 2.53%.

Although the reasons behind land use changes are complex and diverse (Jia et al. 2007), Liao et al. (2020) think that the contribution from population change and socio-economic development to such changes cannot be ignored.

The increase of urbanised land and forests is closely related to China’s economic development and afforestation activities in the basin. Soil and water conservation measures such as afforestation have well reduced soil erosion and hence sedimentation, and played a positive role in the ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River (Hu et al. 2020). In its future economic development, it is necessary to continue the efforts in soil conservation and ecological rehabilitation, which, of course, are hinged on proper policy implementation. These would form the foundation for the rational and sustainable development of resources in the Yellow River Basin.

Full paper

• Liao Hui, Shu Zhangkang, Jin Junliang, Yang Chuanguo, Wang Guoqin. Study on the characteristics and driving forces of land use change in the Yellow River basin from 1980 to 2015. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology.  http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/13.1430.TV.20200520.1 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zhang et al (2020) studied the runoff records of Chinese rivers in the past 62 years (1956 to 2018). Their analysis shows that almost all major rivers of China are in a state of decline in terms of runoff. Rivers of Northern China (the Yellow and rivers to its north) are declining more significantly. The Yellow, the Haihe and the Liaohe, compared to their runoff in the 1980s, have witnessed a decline in runoff of more than a quarter. The Haihe River is leading the league by a decrease of more than 80%.

Under global warming, such changes might fit into the “dry places getting drier” paradigm (yet many scientists believe this paradigm over-simplifies the complexity of climate change impacts, for example, see Byrne et al. 2015, Feng et al. 2016), but river runoff decline in Norther China could be the result of the combination of multiple drivers. Apart from regional climate change, human interference impacts surface water significantly too. The authors therefore ague that “scientifically identifying the impacts from different drivers on river runoff is crucial to regional water management”.

Scientifically identifying the impacts from different drivers on river runoff is crucial to regional water management

Zhang et al 2020

Among the most developed three economic clusters of China, only the Bohai Bay rim, with Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei at its core, is located in semi-humid or semi-arid regions. The decline in surface water availability means this economically significant cluster is becoming more reliant on other sources of water, such as groundwater or cross-basin diversion. This would further exacerbate the conflict between different water uses such as for human consumption and environmental functions, which would pose an even greater challenge for China’s technical and institutional capacities in managing its water.

Full paper

• ZHANG Jianyun, WANG Guoqing, JIN Junliang, HE Ruimin, LIU Cuishan. Evolution and variation characteristics of the recorded runoff for the major rivers in China during 1956—2018. Advances in Water Science, 2020, 31(2): 153-161. http://journal16.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_skxjz/CN/Y2020/V31/I2/153 [in Chinese with English abstract]